History of Chrysanthemums

This knowledge base explores the captivating history and cultural significance of chrysanthemums. Join us as we delve into the origins, symbolism, and global impact of these beloved flowers.

Ancient Times

15th century BCE: Chrysanthemums are believed to have been cultivated in China during this time period, making them one of the oldest cultivated flowers in the world. The chrysanthemum, or "kiku" in Japanese, was first introduced to Japan from China in the 5th century. During that period, Japan was greatly influenced by Chinese culture. In addition to Chinese dress, calligraphy and art, the Japanese imperial family fell in love with the Chinese flower too. They used the image of the chrysanthemum on official seals and even the throne. Thus, the imperial family got the name "chrysanthemum throne," and the flower remains the symbol of the Japanese emperor today.
8th century CE: Chrysanthemums were introduced to Japan from China. They quickly gained popularity and became a symbol of the imperial family and Japanese culture.

Chinese Influence

11th century: Chrysanthemums were designated as one of the "Four Gentlemen" in Chinese art, representing the four seasons. They symbolized autumn and were highly revered by scholars and artists.
14th century: Chrysanthemums were officially recognized as the emblem of the Japanese Imperial Family, and the Chrysanthemum Festival (Kiku no Sekku) was established as a national event.
1753: Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus formally described the genus Chrysanthemum and classified several species under this name.

European Introduction

17th-18th centuries: Chrysanthemums were introduced to Europe through trade routes, particularly from China and Japan. European traders brought chrysanthemums back to Europe from Asia. They were initially embraced by the Dutch and English, who began cultivating and hybridizing the plants.

Introduction to North America

1790: Chrysanthemums were brought to North America when the French explorer and botanist André Michaux introduced them to the United States.

Popularity and Cultivation

Late 18th to early 19th century: Chrysanthemums gained popularity in the United States, and American gardeners started cultivating and breeding new varieties.
Late 19th century: Chrysanthemums experienced a surge in popularity in Europe, especially in England. Hybridization and cultivation techniques advanced, leading to the development of new varieties and forms. Chrysanthemums became widely cultivated in Europe, and various exhibitions and shows were held to showcase new and unique cultivars.

Symbolic Significance:

1949: The Chrysanthemum was designated as the national flower of Japan, symbolizing longevity, rejuvenation, and the spirit of the Japanese people. In Japan, the chrysanthemum is recognized as the national flower because it is the Imperial Emblem of Japan. It is printed on the cover of a Japanese passport, you can see it in Japanese embassies abroad, and Shinto shrines. It is also displayed on diplomatic buildings and any other place where the symbolic state authority of His Majesty the Emperor should be demonstrated. The origin of this symbol dates back to the time of Emperor Go-Toba (1180 – 1239), with His Majesty choosing the flower as his personal emblem.

Modern Times

Mid-20th century: Chrysanthemums continued to be bred and developed, resulting in a wide variety of flower forms, colors, and sizes.
Present: Chrysanthemums are widely cultivated and enjoyed around the world, with numerous cultivars and hybrids available. They are used in gardens, floral arrangements, cultural celebrations, and as cut flowers for various occasions. Their rich history and cultural significance continue to make them a beloved flower.